Assessment of Ecosystem Services Supply and Demand (Mis)matches for Urban Ecological Management: A Case Study in the Zhengzhou–Kaifeng–Luoyang Cities

Accurate supply and demand matching of ecosystem services (ESs) is important for managing regional ecosystems. On the basis remote-sensing, meteorological, socio-economic data, we mapped supply, demand, status four ESs (i.e., water production, carbon sequestration, food soil conservation) using biophysical models ArcGIS spatial analysis module within Zhengzhou–Kaifeng–Luoyang (ZKL) urban agglomeration in 2018. Four-quadrant was employed to identify types supply-demand relationships study region. The results are as follows. ratios different cell scale exhibit characteristics because major influencing factors, including natural environment (e.g., precipitation temperature) social development urbanization level). Analysis imbalances indicates that production deficient across entire research area, whereas whole area’s conversation surplus state. Regarding services, dominated by “low–low (low low demand)” type. Carbon sequestration “low–low” “high–low (high types. type dominates conservation. Due severity deficit all districts counties ZKL identified areas requiring ecological conservation, restoration, or improvement. Development guidance strategies planning suggestions proposed areas. These policies could also be applied other similar agglomerations.